Integrated Circuit With Pre-Heating For Reduced Subthreshold Leakage

ABSTRACT

Certain semiconductor processes provide for the use of multiple different types of transistors with different threshold voltages in a single IC. It can be shown that in certain ones of these semiconductor processes, the speed at which high threshold transistors can operate at decreases with decreasing temperature. Thus, the overall processing speed of an IC that implements high threshold transistors is often limited by the lowest temperature at which the IC is designed (or guaranteed) to properly function. Embodiments of a system and method that overcome this deficiency by “pre-heating” the IC (or at least portions of the IC that implement the high threshold transistors) such that the IC can operate at a frequency (once pre-heated) higher than what would otherwise be possible for a given, minimum temperature at which the IC is designed (or guaranteed) to properly function at are provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/524,538, filed on Aug. 17, 2011, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This application relates generally to integrated circuits and, moreparticularly to, integrated circuits with pre-heating.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary structure of an n-type Field EffectTransistor (FET) (i.e., a FET where the free carriers are negativelycharged electrons). In the n-type FET illustrated in FIG. 1, aconducting gate is separated from a p-type semiconductor body by a thininsulating layer. When a low positive voltage is applied to the gate,holes in the p-type semiconductor body are repelled away from thesurface of the gate and electrons in the p-type semiconductor body areattracted to the surface of the gate. This scenario is illustrated inFIG. 2.

As the voltage on the gate is increased, more and more electrons areattracted to the surface of the gate. When the voltage on the gate,relative to the source, increases beyond a threshold voltage (V_(tn)),the number of electrons becomes greater than the number of holes nearthe surface of the gate. This is commonly referred to as an inversionlayer and is illustrated in FIG. 3. The inversion layer provides aconducting path of electron carriers and permits the flow of electricalcurrent from source to drain. The FET is said to be ON when the currentis able to flow between the source and drain and OFF when the current is(ideally) stopped by decreasing the gate voltage, relative to thesource, below V_(tn).

A p-type FET (i.e., a FET where the free carriers are positively chargedholes) with a conducting gate separated from an n-type semiconductorbody by a thin insulating layer, works in a complimentary way to ann-type FET: as the voltage on the gate, relative to the source, isdecreased, more and more holes are attracted to the surface of the gate,and when the voltage on the gate, relative to the source, decreasesbeyond a threshold voltage (V_(tp)), the number of boles becomes greaterthan the number of electrons near the surface of the gate and aninversion layer is formed. In the p-type FET, the inversion layerprovides a conducting path of positive carriers (i.e., holes) andpermits the flow of electrical current from source to drain. The p-typeFET is said to be ON when the current is able to flow between the sourceand drain and OFF when the current is (ideally) stopped by increasingthe gate voltage, relative to the source, above V_(tp).

Consider the n-type and p-type FETs illustrated in FIG. 4. The twotransistors are arranged to form an inverter. The supply voltage (Vdd)is assumed to be 1.2 V, ground (Vss) is assumed to be 0 V, V_(tn) of then-type FET is assumed to be equal to 0.4 V, V_(tp) of the p-type FET isassumed to be equal to −0.4 V, logic ‘1’ is assumed to be approximatelyequal to Vdd, and logic ‘0’ is assumed to be approximately equal to Vss.

In a first scenario 401, the input to the inverter is Vss or logic ‘0’,and the gate to source voltage of the n-type FET is Vss−Vss or 0 V,which is below V_(tn) turning the n-type FET OFF. The gate to sourcevoltage of the p-type FET is Vss−Vdd or −1.2 V, which is below V_(tp)turning the p-type FET ON. Thus, because the n-type FET is OFF and thep-type FET is ON, the output voltage is pulled up to Vdd or logic ‘1’.In a second scenario 403, the input is Vdd or logic ‘1’, and the gate tosource voltage of the n-type FET is Vdd−Vss or 1.2 V, which is aboveV_(tn) turning the n-type FET ON. The gate to source voltage of thep-type FET is Vdd−Vdd or 0 V, which is above V_(tp) turning the p-typeFET OFF. Thus, because the n-type FET is ON and the p-type FET is OFF,the output voltage is pulled down to Vss or logic ‘0’.

Note that one of the two transistors in FIG. 4 is always OFF in eitherscenario 401 or 403. Ideally, no current flows through the OFFtransistor so that power dissipation is zero when the input to theinverter is held constant (i.e., there is no static power dissipation).This is a principle advantage of using p-type and n-type FETs in acomplimentary manner to construct a logic gate, such as the inverterillustrated in FIG. 4. However, secondary effects, includingsubthreshold conduction, lead to current flowing through the OFFtransistor. In general, subthreshold leakage current (i.e., current thatflows through an n-type FET when the gate to source voltage is belowV_(tn), and current that flows through a p-type FET when the gate tosource voltage is above V_(tp)) is inversely and exponentially dependenton threshold voltage and has increased dramatically over time asthreshold voltages of transistors have scaled down with processtechnology geometries. Although transistors with lower thresholdvoltages have comparatively more subthreshold leakage current andtherefore result in higher static power dissipation, these transistorsare faster and can be run at higher frequencies.

To combat the increased static power consumption of lower thresholdtransistors, integrated circuits (ICs) are often implemented usingmultiple types of transistors with varying threshold values. Faster,lower threshold transistors can be used on the critical path of acircuit to meet timing, whereas lower threshold transistors can be usedon non-critical paths of the circuit to improve subthreshold leakage andthe overall static power consumption of the IC. The critical path of acircuit can be generally defined as the longest path (in terms of signalpropagation) between sequential storage elements like flip-flops orlatches. FIG. 5 illustrates this concept, with low threshold transistorsbeing used in logic on a critical path of a circuit 500, and highthreshold transistors being used in logic on a non-critical path ofcircuit 500.

It can be shown, however, that in certain processes, the speed at whichhigh threshold transistors can operate at decreases with decreasingtemperature. Thus, the overall processing speed of an IC that implementshigh threshold transistors is often limited by the lowest temperature atwhich the IC is designed (or guaranteed) to properly function.

Therefore, what is needed is a system and method to “pre-heat” the IC inorder to improve the speed at which an IC that implements high thresholdtransistors can properly function.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a partof the specification, illustrate the present invention and, togetherwith the description, further serve to explain the principles of theinvention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to makeand use the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary structure of an n-type FET.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary structure of an n-type FET with a lowpositive voltage applied to the gate.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary structure of an n-type FET with apositive voltage applied to the gate that is greater than the thresholdvoltage of the FET.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary inverter during its states of operation.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary circuit that implements high thresholdtransistors in a non-critical path and low threshold transistors in acritical path.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a system for“pre-heating” logic that includes high threshold transistors, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates another exemplary block diagram of a system for“pre-heating” logic that includes high threshold transistors, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for performing“pre-heating” of logic that uses high threshold transistors, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for performing“pre-heating” of logic that uses high threshold transistors, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example computer system that can be used toimplement aspects of the present invention.

The present invention will be described with reference to theaccompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears istypically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the correspondingreference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, itwill be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention,including structures, systems, and methods, may be practiced withoutthese specific details. The description and representation herein arethe common means used by those experienced or skilled in the art to mosteffectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in theart. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, andcircuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring aspects of the invention.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,”“an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment describedmay include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, butevery embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature,structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarilyreferring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature,structure, or characteristic is described in connection with anembodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of oneskilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristicin connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitlydescribed.

Various aspects are described herein in connection with a terminal,which can also be referred to as a subscriber unit, subscriber station,mobile station, mobile device, remote station, remote terminal, accessterminal, user terminal, terminal, user device, or user equipment, forexample.

I. Example Operating Environment

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a system 600 for“pre-heating” a sequential logic block that uses high thresholdtransistors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.As discussed above, certain processes provide for the use of multipledifferent types of transistors with different threshold voltages in asingle IC. Lower threshold transistors that are faster but have highersubthreshold leakage current can be used on the critical path of an IC,whereas higher threshold transistors that are slower but have lowersubthreshold leakage current can be used on the non-critical paths ofthe IC to reduce static power dissipation where speed is less critical.However, it can be shown that, in certain processes, the speed at whichhigh threshold transistors can operate decreases with decreasingtemperature. Thus, the overall processing speed of a sequential logicblock implemented in an IC using one or more high threshold transistorsis often limited by the lowest temperature at which the IC is designed(or guaranteed) to properly function. System 600 overcomes thisdeficiency by “pre-heating” an IC (or at least portions of thesequential logic block in the IC that implement high thresholdtransistors) such that the IC can operate at a frequency (once“pre-heated”) higher than what would otherwise be possible for a given,minimum temperature at which the IC is designed (or guaranteed) toproperly function.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, system 600 specifically includes a pre-heatingcontroller 601, a voltage converter 603, a variable frequency oscillator605, and a sequential logic block 607 that includes high thresholdtransistors that slow down with decreasing temperature and, optionally,low threshold transistors (i.e., transistors with threshold voltagesthat are less than the threshold voltage of the high thresholdtransistors). Sequential logic block 607 is implemented in an IC,whereas pre-heating controller 601, voltage converter 603, and variablefrequency oscillator 605 can be implemented in the same IC as sequentiallogic block 607, or as components external to the IC in which sequentiallogic block 607 is implemented. The high threshold transistors can bearranged in sequential logic block 607 to implement any number ofdifferent functions including, for example, a processor, memory, radiofrequency module for up-conversion/down-conversion and/or filtering,etc.

In operation, pre-heating controller 601 is configured to determine if atemperature associated with sequential logic block 607 is above or belowa critical temperature. The critical temperature can be defined as thetemperature below which sequential logic block 607 can no longer meettiming at a designed for, and intended, operating frequency and supplyvoltage Vdd. The operating frequency refers to the frequency of theclock signal used to clock the sequential elements of sequential logicblock 607, and the supply voltage Vdd refers to the voltage level atwhich the logic implemented by the high threshold transistors insequential logic block 607 is powered.

For example, assuming that sequential logic block 607 is designed for,and intended, to run at an operating frequency of 700 MHz and a supplyvoltage of 1.2 V over a temperature range of −40° C. to 100° C., but isunable to meet timing at a temperature below −20° C., then the criticaltemperature is −20° C. Pre-heating controller 601 can determine if thetemperature of sequential logic block 607 is above or below −20° C.(i.e., the critical temperature). If the temperature of sequential logicblock 607 is above −20° C., then no “pre-heating” is necessary andsequential logic block 607 can be run at the designed for, and intended,operating frequency of 700 MHz and supply voltage Vdd of 1.2 V. However,if the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is below −20° C., then“pre-heating” can be performed by pre-heating controller 601 beforesequential logic block 607 is run at the designed for, and intended,operating frequency of 700 MHz and/or supply voltage Vdd of 1.2 V toensure timing is met. Timing is said to be met if all logic paths (atleast some of which include high threshold transistors) betweensequential elements like flip-flops and latches in sequential logicblock 607 meet their setup and hold time requirements.

In one embodiment, pre-heating controller 601 can assume, upon power upof sequential logic block 607 (or based on some other condition), thatthe temperature of sequential logic block 607 is below the criticaltemperature of −20° C. and perform sufficient “pre-heating” to ensurethat the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is above −20° C.before running sequential logic block 607 at the designed for, andintended, operating frequency of 700 MHz and supply voltage Vdd of 1.2V. Pre-heating controller 601 can specifically perform “pre-heating” inthree different ways: (1) run sequential logic block 607 at a supplyvoltage Vdd above the designed for, and intended, voltage such thattiming is met, while maintaining the operating frequency at the designedfor, and intended, rate; (2) run sequential logic block 607 at afrequency below the designed for, and intended, operating frequency suchthat timing is met, while maintaining the supply voltage Vdd at thedesigned for, and intended, voltage; (3) run sequential logic block 607at a supply voltage Vdd above the designed for, and intended, voltageand at an operating frequency above the designed for, and intended, ratesuch that timing is met; or (4) delay running sequential logic block 607and run other logic in the IC that sequential logic block 607 isimplemented.

In the first of the three “pre-heating” methods described above, theoperating frequency of sequential logic block 607 is maintained at 700MHz, while the supply voltage Vdd is increased above 1.2 V bypre-heating controller 601 using voltage converter 603. Voltageconverter 603 can include, for example, a voltage regulator thatperforms DC-to-DC conversion or AC-to-DC conversion. In operation,voltage converter 603 receives an AC or DC input voltage and convertsthe input voltage to a supply voltage Vdd with a particular DC value.Pre-heating controller 601 can control the particular DC value of thesupply voltage Vdd, provided by voltage converter 603 and used bysequential logic block 607, to power the high threshold transistors, viaa voltage control signal.

By increasing the supply voltage Vdd, the speed at which the highthreshold transistors of sequential logic block 607 operate at isincreased. The supply voltage Vdd can be maintained at the highervoltage for a time sufficient to raise or ensure that the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is above the critical temperature of −20° C.Sequential logic block 607 temperature increases during this“pre-heating” time period from it being run (i.e., throughself-heating). Pre-heating controller 601 can determine when thetemperature of sequential logic block 607 is above the criticaltemperature of −20° C. based on, for example, a number of clock cyclesof the clock signal used to clock the logic of sequential logic block607 that have elapsed, and/or based on an amount of energy estimated tohave been consumed by one or more logic blocks of sequential logic block607. Once pre-heating controller 601 determines that the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is above the critical temperature of −20° C.and “pre-heating” has completed, the supply voltage Vdd can be restoredto its designed for, and intended, operating value.

In the second of the three “pre-heating” methods described above, thesupply voltage Vdd is maintained at 1.2 V, while the operating frequencyof sequential logic block 607 is decreased below 700 MHz by pre-heatingcontroller 601 using variable frequency oscillator 605. Variablefrequency oscillator 605 can include, for example, a phased lock loop(PLL) that receives a reference clock and provides a clock signal with afrequency that is some integer or fractional multiple of the frequencyof the reference clock. Pre-heating controller 601 can control theparticular frequency of the clock signal, provided by variable frequencyoscillator 605 and used by sequential logic block 607 to clocksequential storage elements like flip-flops or latches, via a clockcontrol signal. The sequential storage elements are configured to storelogic values produced, at least in part, by the high thresholdtransistors in sequential logic block 607.

By reducing the frequency of the clock signal below 700 MHz, timing ofsequential logic block 607 can still be met at temperatures below thecritical temperature of −20° C. The frequency of the clock signal can bemaintained at the lower frequency for a time sufficient to raise orensure that the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is above thecritical temperature of −20° C. As noted above, pre-heating controller601 can determine when the temperature of sequential logic block 607 isabove the critical temperature of −20° C. based on for example, a numberof clock cycles of the clock signal used to clock the logic ofsequential logic block 607 that have elapsed, and/or based on an amountof energy estimated to have been consumed by one or more logic blocks ofsequential logic block 607. Once pre-heating controller 601 determinesthat the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is above −20° C. and“pre-heating” has completed, the frequency of the clock signal can berestored to its designed for, and intended, operating value.

The third “pre-heating” method described above involves a combination ofthe first two methods. In other words, the supply voltage Vdd isincreased above its designed for, and intended, value and the frequencyof the clock signal is reduced below its designed for, and intended,value for a time sufficient to raise or ensure that the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is above the critical temperature of −20° C.

The fourth and final “pre-heating” method described above involvesdelaying running sequential logic block 607 and running other blockscontaining hardware (e.g., transistors) in the IC that sequential logicblock 607 is implemented to generate heat. The heat produced by runningthese other block in the IC will increase the temperature of sequentiallogic block 607. Sequential logic block 607 can be delayed from runningby pre-heating controller 601 for a time sufficient to raise or ensurethat the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is above the criticaltemperature of −20° C. As noted above, pre-heating controller 601 candetermine when the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is abovethe critical temperature of −20° C. based on, for example, a number ofclock cycles of the clock signal used to clock the logic of sequentiallogic block 607 that have elapsed, and/or based on an amount of energyestimated to have been consumed by one or more logic blocks ofsequential logic block 607. Once pre-heating controller 601 determinesthat the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is above −20° C. and“pre-heating” has completed, sequential logic block 607 can be run.

It should be noted that the other blocks can include real, functionalblocks that are used to process and provide actual data and/or caninclude dummy blocks (e.g., a ring oscillator) that are used solely togenerate heat. The other block can be referred to more generally asheating blocks.

It should be further noted that sequential logic block 607 can bedelayed from running by, for example, ignoring the output data itproduces, power gating its logic, and/or clock gating its sequentialelements (e.g., flip-flops and latches).

It should also be further noted that sequential logic block 607 can bedelayed from “running” in another sense during “pre-heating”: it can berun, but primarily to generate heat, and the data it produces discardeduntil the temperature of sequential logic block 607 rises above, or isensured to be above, the critical temperature. After pre-heatingcontroller 601 determines that the temperature of sequential logic block607 is above, or is ensured to be above, the critical temperature,sequential logic block 607 can be run and the data it produces used.

Finally, in regard to FIG. 6 generally, it should be noted that thespecific temperature values and ranges used in the above description(i.e., −20° C., −40° C., and −100° C.) are provided for exemplarypurposes only. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize thatother temperature values and ranges are possible without departing fromthe scope and spirit of the present invention. In addition, it should benoted that the designed for, and intended, specific operating frequency(i.e., 700 MHz) and supply voltage Vdd (i.e., 1.2 V) in the abovedescription are provided for exemplary purposes only. Persons ofordinary skill in the art will recognize that other designed for, andintended, operating frequencies and supply voltages Vdd are possiblewithout departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention

Turning now to FIG. 7, an additional system 700 for “pre-heating” asequential logic block that uses high threshold transistors isillustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.In general, system 700 includes the same structure as system 600illustrated in FIG. 6 with the exception of an additional temperaturesensor 701. Temperature sensor 701 is used to sense the temperature ofsynchronous logic block 607 (or portions of synchronous logic block607). The sensed temperature can then be relayed to pre-heatingcontroller 601 so that pre-heating controller 601 can determine whether“pre-heating” should be performed or ceased.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart 800 of a method for “pre-heating” asequential logic block that uses high threshold transistors, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Flowchart 800 isdescribed with continued reference to system 600 illustrated in FIG. 6.However, flowchart 800 is not limited to the embodiment. For example,flowchart 800 is equally applicable to system 700 illustrated in FIG. 7.

Flowchart 800 starts at step 805 and transitions to step 810. At step810 a sequential storage element, in sequential logic block 607, storesa logic value produced at least in part by a high threshold transistorupon occurrence of a transition in the clock signal used to clock thelogic of sequential logic block 607.

In step 815, pre-heating controller 601 determines whether thetemperature of sequential logic block 607 is less than a criticaltemperature (e.g., −20° C. as used above). If the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is less than the critical temperature,flowchart 800 proceeds to step 820. Otherwise, if the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is greater than the critical temperature,flowchart 800 proceeds to step 825.

Assuming that the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is less thanthe critical temperature, flowchart 800 proceeds from step 815 to step820. In step 820, pre-heating controller 601 sets the frequency of theclock signal used to clock the logic of sequential logic block 607 to afrequency below the designed for, and intended, operating frequency usedto run (or clock) sequential logic block 607 (e.g., below 700 MHz asused above). Pre-heating controller 601 can maintain the frequency ofthe clock signal at the frequency below the nominal frequency value fora time sufficient to raise the temperature of sequential logic block 607above the critical temperature, at which point the frequency of theclock signal can be restored to its designed for, and intended, value.

Assuming that the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is greaterthan the critical temperature, flowchart 800 proceeds from step 815 tostep 825. In step 825, pre-heating controller 601 does not perform“pre-heating” and sets the clock signal to its designed for, andintended, value.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart 900 of a method for “pre-heating” asequential logic block that uses high threshold transistors, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Flowchart 900 isdescribed with continued reference to system 600 illustrated in FIG. 6.However, flowchart 900 is not limited to the embodiment. For example,flowchart 900 is equally applicable to system 700 illustrated in FIG. 7.

Flowchart 900 starts at step 905 and transitions to step 910. At step910 a sequential storage element, in sequential logic block 607, storesa logic value produced at least in part by a high threshold transistorupon occurrence of a transition in the clock signal used to clock thelogic of sequential logic block 607.

In step 915, pre-heating controller 601 determines whether thetemperature of sequential logic block 607 is less than a criticaltemperature (e.g., −20° C. as used above). If the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is less than the critical temperature,flowchart 900 proceeds to step 920. Otherwise, if the temperature ofsequential logic block 607 is greater than the critical temperature,flowchart 900 proceeds to step 925.

Assuming that the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is less thanthe critical temperature, flowchart 900 proceeds from step 915 to step920. In step 920, pre-heating controller 601 sets the supply voltage Vddused to power the high threshold transistors of sequential logic block607 to a supply voltage Vdd that is less than the designed for, andintended, supply voltage Vdd (e.g., 1.2 V as used above). Pre-heatingcontroller 601 can maintain the supply voltage Vdd at the lower voltagelevel for a time sufficient to raise the temperature of sequential logicblock 607 above the critical temperature, at which point the supplyvoltage Vdd can be restored to its designed for, and intended, value.

Assuming that the temperature of sequential logic block 607 is greaterthan the critical temperature, flowchart 900 proceeds from step 915 tostep 925. In step 925, pre-heating controller 601 does not perform“pre-heating” and sets the supply voltage Vdd of sequential logic block607 to its nominal value.

One additional embodiment of the present invention, not discussed above,involves the use of parallel paths of logic in sequential logic block607 illustrated in FIG. 6. For example, sequential logic block 607 caninclude two, parallel paths of logic that each implement the samefunction. However, one of the two paths can be implemented with morehigh threshold transistors than the other path and, thereby, run at aslower speed but with less subthreshold leakage current than the other.

Pre-heating controller 601 can select to use one of these two pathsbased on the current temperature of sequential logic block 607. Ifsequential logic block 607 is below the critical temperature (e.g., −20°C. as used above), then pre-heating controller 601 can select theparallel path with less high threshold transistors and more lowthreshold transistors (i.e., transistors with threshold voltages thatare comparatively lower than the high threshold transistors) for usewithin sequential logic block 607 in order to meet timing, while theother path is not used. If sequential logic block 607 is above thecritical temperature, then pre-heating controller 601 can select theparallel path with more high threshold transistors for use withinsequential logic block 607 in order to reduce static power consumption,while the other path is not used. It should be noted that, any of theparallel paths that are not in use within sequential logic block 607 atany given point in time, can be power gated to reduce subthresholdleakage current.

IV. Example Computer System Implementation

It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) thatvarious elements and features of the present invention, as describedherein, can be implemented in hardware using analog and/or digitalcircuits, in software, through the execution of instructions by one ormore general purpose or special-purpose processors, or as a combinationof hardware and software.

The following description of a general purpose computer system isprovided for the sake of completeness. Embodiments of the presentinvention can be implemented in hardware, or as a combination ofsoftware and hardware. Consequently, embodiments of the invention may beimplemented in the environment of a computer system or other processingsystem. An example of such a computer system 1000 is shown in FIG. 10.Some of the modules depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7 (i.e., pre-heatingcontroller 601, variable frequency oscillator 605, and temperaturesensor 701) can execute on one or more distinct computer systems 1000.Furthermore, one or more of the steps of the flowcharts depicted inFIGS. 8 and 9 can be implemented on one or more distinct computersystems 1000.

Computer system 1000 includes one or more processors, such as processor1004. Processor 1004 can be a special purpose or a general purposedigital signal processor. Processor 1004 is connected to a communicationinfrastructure 1002 (for example, a bus or network). Various softwareimplementations are described in terms of this exemplary computersystem. After reading this description, it will become apparent to aperson skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the inventionusing other computer systems and/or computer architectures.

Computer system 1000 also includes a main memory 1006, preferably randomaccess memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 1008.Secondary memory 1008 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 1010and/or a removable storage drive 1012, representing a floppy disk drive,a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, or the like. Removablestorage drive 1012 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit1016 in a well-known manner. Removable storage unit 1016 represents afloppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, or the like, which is read byand written to by removable storage drive 1012. As will be appreciatedby persons skilled in the relevant art(s), removable storage unit 1016includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computersoftware and/or data.

In alternative implementations, secondary memory 1008 may include othersimilar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to beloaded into computer system 1000. Such means may include, for example, aremovable storage unit 1018 and an interface 1014. Examples of suchmeans may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such asthat found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as anEPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, a thumb drive and USB port, andother removable storage units 1018 and interfaces 1014 which allowsoftware and data to be transferred from removable storage unit 1018 tocomputer system 1000.

Computer system 1000 may also include a communications interface 1020.Communications interface 1020 allows software and data to be transferredbetween computer system 600 and external devices. Examples ofcommunications interface 1020 may include a modem, a network interface(such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot andcard, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface1020 are in the form of signals which may be electronic,electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received bycommunications interface 1020. These signals are provided tocommunications interface 1020 via a communications path 1022.Communications path 1022 carries signals and may be implemented usingwire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RFlink and other communications channels.

As used herein, the terms “computer program medium” and “computerreadable medium” are used to generally refer to tangible storage mediasuch as removable storage units 1016 and 1018 or a hard disk installedin hard disk drive 1010. These computer program products are means forproviding software to computer system 1000.

Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored inmain memory 1006 and/or secondary memory 1008. Computer programs mayalso be received via communications interface 1020. Such computerprograms, when executed, enable the computer system 1000 to implementthe present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computerprograms, when executed, enable processor 1004 to implement theprocesses of the present invention, such as any of the methods describedherein. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of thecomputer system 1000. Where the invention is implemented using software,the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded intocomputer system 1000 using removable storage drive 1012, interface 1014,or communications interface 1020.

In another embodiment, features of the invention are implementedprimarily in hardware using, for example, hardware components such asapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and gate arrays.Implementation of a hardware state machine so as to perform thefunctions described herein will also be apparent to persons skilled inthe relevant art(s).

V. Conclusion

The present invention has been described above with the aid offunctional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specifiedfunctions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functionalbuilding blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenienceof the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as thespecified functions and relationships thereof are appropriatelyperformed.

In addition, while various embodiments have been described above, itshould be understood that they have been presented by way of exampleonly, and not limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in therelevant art(s) that various changes in form and details can be made tothe embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly,the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited byany of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be definedonly in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

1. A system comprising: a first device configured to form an inversionlayer at a first threshold voltage to allow the flow of electricalcurrent through the first device; a variable frequency oscillatorconfigured to provide a clock signal; a storage element configured tostore a logic value, produced at least in part by the first device, uponoccurrence of a transition in the clock signal; and a pre-heatingcontroller configured to set a frequency of the clock signal to a firstfrequency if a temperature associated with the first device isdetermined to be below a particular temperature and to a secondfrequency if the temperature associated with the first device isdetermined to be above the particular temperature, wherein the firstfrequency is less than the second frequency.
 2. The system of claim 1,further comprising: a second device configured to form an inversionlayer at a second threshold voltage to allow the flow of electricalcurrent through the second device, wherein the second threshold voltageis less than the first threshold voltage.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the logic value is further produced in part by the seconddevice.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a temperaturesensor configured to sense the temperature associated with the firstdevice.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the pre-heating controller isconfigured to determine whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on thetemperature associated with the first device sensed by the temperaturesensor.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the pre-heating controller isconfigured to determine whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on anumber of clock cycles of the clock signal that have elapsed.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the pre-heating controller is configured todetermine whether the temperature associated with the first device isbelow or above the particular temperature based on an amount of energyconsumed by one or more logic blocks associated with the first device.8. The system of claim 1, wherein the sequential storage element is aflip-flop or a latch.
 9. The system of claim 1, where the first deviceis a transistor.
 10. A method comprising: providing a clock signal;storing a logic value in a storage element upon occurrence of atransition in the clock signal, the logic value produced at least inpart by a first device configured to form an inversion layer at a firstthreshold voltage to allow the flow of electrical current through thefirst device; and setting a frequency of the clock signal to a firstfrequency if a temperature associated with the first device isdetermined to be below a particular temperature and to a secondfrequency if the temperature associated with the first device isdetermined to be above the particular temperature, wherein the firstfrequency is less than the second frequency.
 11. The method of claim 10,further comprising: sensing the temperature associated with the firstdevice using a temperature sensor.
 12. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: determining whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on thetemperature associated with the first device sensed by the temperaturesensor.
 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: determiningwhether the temperature associated with the first device is below orabove the particular temperature based on a number of clock cycles ofthe clock signal that have elapsed.
 14. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising: determining whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on anamount of energy consumed by one or more logic blocks associated withthe first device.
 15. A system comprising: a first device configured toform an inversion layer at a first threshold voltage to allow the flowof electrical current through the first device; a sequential storageelement configured to store a logic value, produced at least in part bythe first device, upon occurrence of a transition in a clock signal; avoltage converter configured to provide a supply voltage to the firstdevice; and a pre-heating controller configured to set the supplyvoltage to a first voltage if a temperature associated with the firstdevice is determined to be below a particular temperature and to asecond voltage if the temperature associated with the first device isdetermined to be above the particular temperature, wherein the firstvoltage is greater than the second voltage.
 16. The system of claim 15,further comprising: a second device configured to form an inversionlayer at a second threshold voltage to allow the flow of electricalcurrent through the second device, wherein the second threshold voltageis less than the first threshold voltage.
 17. The system of claim 15,wherein the logic value is further produced in part by the seconddevice.
 18. The system of claim 15, further comprising: a temperaturesensor configured to sense the temperature associated with the firstdevice.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the pre-heating controlleris configured to determine whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on thetemperature associated with the first device sensed by the temperaturesensor.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the pre-heating controlleris configured to determine whether the temperature associated with thefirst device is below or above the particular temperature based on anumber of clock cycles of the clock signal that have elapsed.
 21. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the pre-heating controller is configured todetermine whether the temperature associated with the first device isbelow or above the particular temperature based on an amount of energyconsumed by one or more logic blocks associated with the first device.22. A system comprising: a sequential logic block configured to processand provide output data, the sequential logic block including a firstdevice configured to form an inversion layer at a first thresholdvoltage to allow the flow of electrical current through the firstdevice; a heating block configured to pre-heat the sequential logicblock; and a pre-heating controller configured to run the heating blockand delay running the sequential logic block if a temperature associatedwith the sequential logic block is determined to be below a particulartemperature, and to run the sequential logic block if the temperatureassociated with the sequential logic block is determined to be above theparticular temperature.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the heatingblock includes a ring oscillator.